March 19, 2023
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aqueous solution |
the mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water |
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atom |
the smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as that element |
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atomic number |
the number of protons (which equals the number of electrons) in an atom. It is sometimes called the proton number |
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balanced symbol equation |
a symbol equation in which there are equal numbers of each type of atom on either side of the equation |
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biofuel |
fuel made from animal or plant products |
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chromatography |
the process whereby small amounts of dissolved substances are separated by running a solvent along a material such as absorbent paper |
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compound |
a substance made when two or more elements are chemically bonded together |
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electron |
a tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus of atoms or ions in shells |
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electronic structure |
a set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells (or energy levels) |
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element |
a substance made up of only one type of atom. An element cannot be broken down chemically into any simpler substance |
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group |
all the elements in the columns (labelled 1 to 7 and 0) in the periodic table |
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ion |
a charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons |
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isotope |
atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, i.e., they have the same atomic number but different mass numbers |
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law of conservation of mass |
the total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants |
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mass number |
the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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neutron |
a dense particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral, carrying no charge |
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noble gases |
the very unreactive gases found in Group 0 of the periodic table. Their atoms have very stable electronic structures |
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nucleus (of an atom) |
the very small and dense central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons |
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periodic table |
an arrangement of elements in the order of their atomic numbers, forming groups and periods |
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product |
a substance made as a result of a chemical reaction |
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proton |
a tiny positive particle found inside the nucleus of an atom |
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reactant |
a substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes place |
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shell |
an area in an atom, around its nucleus, where electrons are found |
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state symbol |
the abbreviations used in balanced symbol equations to show if reactants and products are solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) or dissolved in water (aq) |
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symbol equation |
an equation that helps you see how much of each substance is involved in a chemical reaction by showing the chemical symbols and formulae of all the reactants and products involved |
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word equation |
a way of describing what happens in a chemical reaction by showing the names of all reactants and the products they form |
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alkali metal |
elements in Group 1 of the periodic table |
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halogens |
the elements found in Group 7 of the periodic table |
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transition element |
element from the central block of the periodic table |
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universal indicator |
a mixture of indicators that can change through a range of colours to show how strongly acidic or alkaline liquids and solutions are |
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alloy |
a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal |
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covalent bond |
the bond between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons |
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covalent bonding |
the attraction between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons |
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delocalised electron |
bonding electron that is no longer associated with any one particular atom |
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dot and cross diagram |
a drawing to show only the arrangement of outer shell electrons of the atoms or ions in a substance |
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fullerene |
form of the element carbon that can exist as large cage-like structures, based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms |
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gases |
substances that have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily |
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giant covalent structure |
a huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms |
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giant lattice |
a huge 3D network of atoms or ions |
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giant structure |
see giant lattice |
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intermolecular forces |
the attraction between the individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance |
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ionic bond |
the electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions |
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liquids |
substances that have a fixed volume, but they can flow and change their shape |
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nanoscience |
the study of very tiny particles or structures between 1 and 100 nanometres in size – where 1 nanometre = 10–9 metres |
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particle theory |
a theory that explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases based on the fact that all matter is made from tiny particles. It describes the movement of particles and the distance between them |
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polymer |
a substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units |
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solids |
substances that have a fixed shape and volume that cannot be compressed |
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states of matter |
the forms in which matter can exist. A substance can be solid, liquid or gas |
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Avogadro constant |
the number of atoms, molecules, or ions in a mole of any substance (i.e., 6.02 × 10-23 per mol) |
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burette |
a long glass tube with a tap at one end and markings to show volumes of liquid; used to add precisely known volumes of liquids to a solution in a conical flask below it |
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concentration |
the amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume of liquid |
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concordant |
when you have two titration results that are within 0.1cm3 of each other. These precise results can then be used to calculate an accurate mean |
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end point |
the point in a titration where the reaction is complete, and titration should stop |
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limiting reactant |
the reactant in a chemical reaction that when used up causes the reaction to stop |
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mole |
the amount of substance in the relative atomic or formula mass of a substance in grams |
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percentage yield |
the actual mass of product collected in a reaction divided by the maximum mass that could have been formed in theory, multiplied by 100 |
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pipette |
a glass tube used to measure accurate volumes of liquids |
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relative atomic mass Ar |
the average mass of the atoms of an element compared with carbon-12 (which is given a mass of exactly 12). The average mass must take into account the proportions of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element |
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relative formula mass Mr |
the total of the relative atomic masses, added up in the ratio shown in the chemical formula, of a substance |
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titration |
a method for measuring the volumes of two solutions that react together |
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yield |
the mass of product that a chemical reaction produces |
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acid |
when dissolved in water, its solution has a pH value less than 7. Acids are proton (H+ ion) donors |
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alkali |
its solution has a pH value more than 7 |
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base |
the oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate of a metal that will react with an acid, forming a salt as one of the products. (If a base dissolves in water it is called an alkali). Bases are proton (H+ ion) acceptors |
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displacement reaction |
a reaction in which a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in one of its compounds or in solution |
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electrolysis |
the breakdown of a substance containing ions by electricity |
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equilibrium |
the point in a reversible reaction at which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same. Therefore, the amounts of substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant |
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half equation |
an equation that describes reduction (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons) |
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ionic equation |
an equation that shows only those ions or atoms that change in a chemical reaction |
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metal ore |
a rock that contains enough of a metal or metal compound that it is worth extracting the metal |
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neutral |
a solution with a pH value of 7 which is neither acidic nor alkaline. Alternatively, something that carries no overall electrical charge |
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neutralisation |
the chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which a salt and water are formed. If the base is a carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, carbon dioxide is also produced in the reaction |
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ore |
rock which contains enough metal to make it economically worthwhile to extract the metal |
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oxidation/oxidised |
a reaction where oxygen is added to a substance / or when electrons are lost from a substance |
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pH / pH scale |
a number which shows how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is |
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reactivity series |
a list of elements in order of their reactivity |
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reduction / reduced |
a reaction in which oxygen is removed or electrons are gained |
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salt |
a compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal |
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strong acids |
these acids completely ionise in aqueous solutions |
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weak acids |
acids that do not ionise completely in aqueous solutions |
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anode |
the positive electrode in electrolysis |
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brine |
concentrated sodium chloride solution the can undergo electrolysis to produce chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide solution |
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cathode |
the negative electrode in electrolysis |
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electrolyte |
a liquid, containing free-moving ions, which is broken down by electricity in the process of electrolysis |
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half equation |
an equation that describes reduction (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons) |
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inert |
unreactive |
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activation energy |
the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place |
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bond energy |
the energy required to break a specific chemical bond |
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endothermic |
a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings |
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exothermic |
a reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings |
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fuel cells |
sources of electricity that are supplied by an external source of fuel |
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activation energy |
the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place |
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anhydrous |
describes a substance that does not contain water |
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catalyst |
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by providing a different pathway for the reaction that has a lower activation energy. The catalyst is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction |
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climate change |
the change in global weather patterns that could be caused by excess levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere |
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closed system |
a system in which no matter enters or leaves |
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collision theory |
an explanation of chemical reactions in terms of reacting particles colliding with sufficient energy for a reaction to take place |
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equilibrium |
the point in a reversible reaction at which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same. Therefore, the amounts of substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant |
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hydrated |
Describes a substance that contains water in its crystals |
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Le Châtelier’s Principle |
when a change in conditions is introduced to a system at equilibrium, the position of equilibrium shifts so as to cancel out the change |
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precise / precision |
a precise measurement is one in which there is very little spread about the mean value. Precision depends only on the extent of random errors – it gives no indication of how close results are to the true (accurate) value |
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reversible reaction |
a reaction in which the products can re-form the reactants |
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alkane |
saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2, for example, methane, ethane, and propane |
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alkene |
unsaturated hydrocarbon which contains a carbon–carbon double bond. Its general formula is CnH2n, for example, ethene, C2H4 |
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cracking |
the reaction used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones |
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distillation |
separation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation followed by condensation |
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double bond |
a covalent bond made by the sharing of two pairs of electrons |
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flammable |
easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly |
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fraction |
hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil |
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fractional distillation |
a way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures, then condensing and collecting the liquids |
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general formula |
a formula that represents the common structure of all compounds in a single class of chemicals. For example, the general formula of all alkanes is CnH2n+2 |
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hydrocarbon |
a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon |
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mixture |
when some elements or compounds are mixed together and intermingle but do not react together (i.e. no new substance is made). A mixture is not a pure substance |
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oxidised |
a substance that has had oxygen added to it/ or has lost electrons |
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saturated hydrocarbon |
describes a hydrocarbon with only single bonds between its carbon atoms. This means that it contains as many hydrogen atoms as possible in each molecule |
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thermal decomposition |
the breakdown of a compound by heating it |
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unsaturated hydrocarbon |
a hydrocarbon whose molecules contains at least one carbon– carbon double bond |
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viscosity |
the resistance of a liquid to flowing or pouring; a liquid’s ‘thickness’ |
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fermentation |
the reaction in which the enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide |
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functional group |
an atom or group of atoms that give organic compounds their characteristic reactions |
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homologous series |
a group of related organic compounds that have the same functional group |
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addition polymerisation |
a type of reaction where monomers join together, end to end, to form long polymer chains. The polymer produced is called an addition polymer |
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
a large organic molecule that encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses |
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monomers |
small reactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a very large molecule (a polymer) |
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nucleotides |
the basic repeating units, or monomers, that join together to form DNA |
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polymer |
a substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units |
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pipette |
a glass tube used to measure accurate volumes of liquids |
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Rf (retention factor) |
a measurement from chromatography: it is the distance a spot of substance has been carried above the baseline divided by the distance of the solvent front |
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atmosphere |
the relatively thin layer of gases that surround planet Earth |
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carbon capture and storage |
a technique that involves capturing carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels and pumping it underground to be absorbed by porous rocks so that it is not released into the atmosphere |
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carbon footprint |
the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event |
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global dimming |
a process that reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface. It is caused by particulates in the atmosphere reflecting light back into space before it can reach Earth |
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incomplete combustion |
when a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product |
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nitrogen oxides |
chemical compounds produced when high temperatures cause nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen. Nitrogen oxides are toxic and can cause acid rain |
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particulate |
small solid particle given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of its fuel |
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bioleaching |
a new technique that involves using bacteria to extract metals, such as copper, from low-grade ores |
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blast furnace |
the huge reaction vessels used in industry to extract iron from its ore |
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life cycle assessment (LCA) |
carried out to assess the environmental impact of products, processes or services at different stages in their life cycle |
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non-renewable |
something which cannot be replaced once it is used up |
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thermal decomposition |
the breakdown of a compound by heating it |
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alloy |
a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal |
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carbon steel |
alloy of iron containing controlled, small amounts of carbon |
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galvanised |
iron or steel objects that have been protected from rusting by a thin layer of zinc metal at their surface |
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neutralisation |
the chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which a salt and water are formed. If the base is a carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, carbon dioxide is also produced in the reaction |
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polymer |
a substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units |
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rusting |
the corrosion of iron |
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sacrificial protection |
an effective way to prevent rusting whereby a metal more reactive than iron (such as zinc or magnesium) is attached to or coated on an object |
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stainless steel |
a chromium-nickel alloy of steel which does not rust |
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steel |
alloys of iron with carbon and/or other elements. The properties of steel depend on the type and amounts of elements added |
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thermosetting polymer |
polymer that can form extensive cross-linking between chains, resulting in rigid materials which are heat-resistant |
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thermosoftening polymer |
polymer that forms plastics which can be softened by heating, then remoulded into different shapes as they cool down and set |
We would like to pass on our feedback and show appreciation for Science Clinic Private Tutors that worked with our daughter and improved her Chemistry & Physics skills in the run up to her GCSE exams They were only with us for a short time but the work they did in that short period of time was unbelievable. Kayleigh got A* in both subjects.
B.K. Thomas - Manchester
I would like you to know how delighted we have been with Science Clinic Private Tutors who provided 1-2-1 tuitions in Physics, Mathematics & Chemistry to my daughter for 3 years. She went from grade 4 at the end of year 9 to getting 9*, 8 & 8 respectively in her GCSE.
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Thank you so much Science Clinic Private Tutors for your professional, friendly and helpful tutoring of our daughter Florence in all 3 science subjects which has resulted in very successful GCSE results this summer.
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I am not accustomed to writing any reviews, but in this case, I feel compelled to extol the virtues of my son-Kenneth’s tutors from Science Clinic Private Tutors. For quite some time I had been seriously concerned on my son’s inability to grasp the basics of such an important educational imperative. In Kenneth’s case he was lacking interest, ambition and to a certain extent had missed out on the fundamentals of the Sciences/ Maths. This was until Science Clinic Private Tutors came on board to help Kenneth with his Maths and Science. His tutor seemed to make mathematics and science come alive and in doing so created such an intense interest in my son that when it came to his exams he passed with flying colours. I am so proud of my son for doing so well but had he not met his tutor, he would have not excelled in his schoolwork. With my immense gratitude and appreciation for Science Clinic Private Tutors for their dedication, patience, hard work and obvious love of their job. I would recommend other parents to contact this company.
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I would highly recommend Science Clinic Private Tutors. They gave us tutor that does both Maths and Science which means our son had great flexibility over his tutoring. The tutor was able to move our son up two sets in Maths and he achieved good grades both subjects. We are using this company again for our younger son and daughter
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The service is very organised, any enquiries were dealt with straightaway.
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I would highly recommend using this tutoring service to anyone preparing their child for GCSEs & A-level exams.
Happy parent!
Shasta Hussain - 22 Jun 2022
Hello Science Clinic Team,
just wanted to thank your tutors for all their help and support they gave my son, the academic transformation within that short space of time was amazing, there is no way Tade would have achieved the grades he got without your help.....all his tutors were fantastic especially Mr Anthony, who really took his time to warm Tade into the subject, he would start by talking to him about football just to relax him, within weeks Tade was looking forward to his teaching, Mrs. Wade was equally fantastic, showing so much belief in him, which elevated his confidence tremendously. Ms IQRA also was exceptionally good, her resounding knowledge of Science has truly transformed my son. I know my wife has given a review on your website, I just wanted to send you a personal text to express my gratitude, I'm sure in years to come, Tade will look back with gratitude for the role your tutors played in his life....my wife has referred your company to some of her friends and will continue to do so.. Thanks once again and good luck with your business.
GOD bless
Ibrahim. O - 11 Nov 2023
Dr Azad has been an absolute outstanding Tutor to my son. His flexibility, positive attitude, dedication to the student's learning in his lessons has been amazing. He is particularly skilled in breaking down complex concepts for his students, which has been a great asset and has helped my son's in Physics to improve tremendously. I would highly recommend him for any future tuition.
Verbena. N 17 Aug 2023
Science Clinic Private Tutoring were very professional and efficient. It was a pleasure to deal with them. I highly recommend them. I would definitely use their services again.
Cynthia Warner - 18 Jul 2023
James H was amazing, so helpful, really connected with our son and created a safe learning space where he could be challenged and supported with equal measure.
Juliett. P - 19 Jun 2023
Science tutoring worked well for my daughter. Aisha had a good rapport with my daughter which helped to support her for GCSE exams. Her teaching style is great and worked well for her. I fully recommend her for anyone who needs additional support.
Dr Richa - 18 Jun 2023
Thank you Ms Iqra Sha for your patience and enragement in teaching my son science. His confidence science improved significantly
Yemi Ibrahim - 18 Jun 2023
Katie Jackson was great! She brought my daughter up to speed really quickly as we came to her very late on. She was flexible if we needed extra sessions and warm and friendly. Thank you so much!
Emma Moody - 12 Jun 2023
Thank you to Mr Anthony Onyenuforo for believing in my son. You had a way that helped to build my sons confidence in maths over the last year
Yemi Ibrahim - 18 Jun 2023
My daughter is happy with her Maths and Science tutors. Their experience and passion for teaching can be seen from their attitude, way of approaching children and preparation for seasons.
Georgeta Diac - 05 Jun 2023
My Daughter was Tutored by Aisha (Science Tutor), whose been amazing. Initially she had little or no confidence in her ability to achieve GCSE level and had lost interest in the subjects. Aisha took her on and her teaching style was perfect in building up my daughter's confidence, so much so she went from Grade E to achieving Grade B in all 3 Science subjects. Aisha was patient, compassionate, flexible in adapting her teaching style and pace to suit my daughter's needs. She's very skilled in breaking down the subjects to student level so they can grasp the concepts whilst maintaining their interests. I would highly recommend her for bringing out the best in any student to the highest level.
Verbena Newyear 16 Nov 2022
Andrea Downer has been an exceptional tutor. She helped my grandson get through his Math's GCSE with great results. Andrea is friendly, encouraging, supportive and easy going and I would strongly recommend her.
Eileen Sereaton 08 Sep 2022
They called me without wasting time.
It was easy to negotiate with them.
They have different grades of teachers for each subject and are willing to teach even if the exam is close.
Monica Anyanwu - 01 Oct 2023
My son Oliver started 11 plus English tuition with Miss Nur in July this year. In the beginning, he had tried the past English papers and got the mark around 30 out of 60. In order to get into Kegs in Chelmsford, he needed at least 40 in English. So it’s very challenging.
During the lesson, Nur went through questions on homework sheets one by one with Oliver, making sure he understood it thoroughly, rather than guessing it. Before the exam, she gave him exam tips which turned out very beneficial to him. I remembered Oliver read her exam tips and wore a thinking cap all the way to the exam centre. Not surprising, in the end, he achieved 44/60 in English and the standardized score of 373 in total.
I would highly recommend Miss Nur to anyone as she’s patient, encouraging and committed. I wish her all the best.
Amy - 09 Nov 2022
Allow me to thank Sue Schulkins for the wonderful work she has done with our son’s English classes. We have seen our son’s interest grow as the sessions have progressed. Before Sue started out with him - I noticed she gathered as much information as she could and she listened to us and even adopted some of our methods. She improved on them and added her own unique creativity. She was very unlike some teachers who would insist on using their own method - she never did that. She was able to find out from our son his expectations and discovered he loves unusually funny narratives. She incorporated this into her curriculum and we have seen such a marked improvement in his English comprehension. He is having fun during the English sessions and his work has improved. He is attentive and focused. Sue Schulkins is certainly a different kind of teacher and we are very happy with her work. Well done Sue.
Ata, Thurrock - 08 Jan 2022
Thank you to Hamal for his professional, friendly and helpful tutoring of our daughter Florence in all 3 science subjects which has resulted in very successful GCSE results this summer.
Treena Burrows - 22 Aug 2019
Hamal is a very good tutor . He has a calm and patient approach to teaching his subjects and my daughter really improved in her Biology, Physics and Chemistry. Passing her GCSE's and getting a place in one of the top Grammar Schools for A Levels. Thank you Hamal, my son is next.
Michael - 04 Sep 2018
Before Hamal started tutoring my daughter, she struggled with Physics. Hamal taught and explained topics clearly and she was happy with her tutoring lessons. She gained good results on her GCSE.
Rena - 02 Sep 2018
I used Hamal for over two years to help boost my daughter's Maths confidence. Always punctual and professional. Would thoroughly recommend. With a lot of patience, dedication and great tutoring my daughter passed her GCSE in Maths. A great result! Thank you
Sarah Anderson - 21 Sep 2017
Had a very good experience with my daughter who had tutoring for GCSE . The tutor was punctual and very pleasant and most importantly knowledgeable and approachable . And my daughter got an A* in all her science subjects
Dr Nada Elhag - 21 Sep 2017
Very professional and well qualified tutors. Their tutors are examiners so they have an in depth knowledge of exam questions and how to gain marks.
Rabab Zehra - 22 Aug 2019
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